To ensure the fertilization, their morphology is well adapted to the proboscis of Lepidoptera, especially Euphydryas, Melanargia, Melitaea, Pieris and Zygaena species.
Dorothea Bennett (December 27, 1929, Honolulu - August 16, 1990, Houston) was a geneticist, known for the genetics of early mammalian development and for research into mammalian sperm surface structures and their role in fertilization and spermatogenesis.
In barley, haploids can be produced by wide crossing with the related species Hordeum bulbosum, fertilization is effected, but during the early stages of seed development the H. bulbosum chromosomes are eliminated leaving a haploid embryo.
The 2011 winners included "Siphons in Space", proposed by a science club not affiliated with the local school in central New York state, and "Wheat Fertilization in Microgravity", proposed by a team from Licking Heights High School in central Ohio.
Dr Ruth Fowler Edwards (1930-2013) was a British geneticist and the long-time wife and companion of Robert G. (Bob) Edwards, the "father" of in vitro fertilization (and 2010 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of in vitro fertilization").
True synchronous hermaphroditism with external fertilization is known in Evermannella indica and Odontostomops normalops, and the former species appears to spawn throughout the year.