Local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors should not be used in the nose, fingers, toes and penis, because the arteries here are end arteries, so the vasoconstrictor effect could cause ischemia and even gangrene of the affected part.
The discovery by Kevin J. Tracey that vagus nerve stimulation inhibits inflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production has led to significant interest in the potential to use this approach for treating inflammatory diseases ranging from arthritis to colitis, ischemia, myocardial infaction, and congestive heart failure.