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ADTRAN has become a supplier of local loop access and deployment products for fiber, DS3, T1/E1, wireless T1/E1, Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL, HDSL2, HDSL4, SDSL, SHDSL), Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and Digital Data Service (DDS) digital services.
This aggregation of circuit-switching telephone networks has evolved greatly from the days of Alexander Graham Bell, and in the late 20th century became almost entirely digital in nature — except for the final link from the central (local) telephone office to the user (the local loop).
Class 5 telephone switch in the central office, which provides provides services to the devices on the local loop
The incumbent has so far managed to prevent any operator from connecting its own fiber optic cable at local loop unbundling exchanges, though it is technically required to allow this.