Alstonia constricta, the quinine bush or bitterbark, a shrub species endemic to Australia
The Kriegsmarine renamed her UIT-23, and she sailed for France on 15 February 1944 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Werner Striegler with a cargo of tin, quinine and other goods.
However, the receptor-independent process involves the diffusion of bitter, amphiphilic chemicals like quinine across the taste receptor cell membranes.
Ledger, however, found a better variety for producing quinine, now known as Cinchona ledgeriana, and in 1865 under great difficulties collected several pounds of seed and sent them to his brother George Ledger in London.
Dubonnet, another drink invented to encourage European colonial soldiers in tropical climates to take quinine
Kinzie died while vacationing in Amagansett, New York, Long Island, in 1870, after a druggist accidentally substituted morphine for the quinine she ordered.
The third stage, bonifica igienica, took measures against the mosquitos (Anopheles labranchiae), such as screens and whitewash (so the mosquitos could be easily identified and killed), and against malaria, such as distributing quinine and setting up health services.