The choice of glass gives the mean refractive index, often written as (for the refractive index at the Fraunhofer "d" spectral line wavelength), and the Abbe number (for the reciprocal of the glass dispersion).
He also received the Medal of the City of Athens and the German Olympic Decoration for his proposal of lighting the Olympic torch directly from the sun using a refractive medium, thus referring to the symbolic enlightenment of the torch directly from the ancient Greek gods.
The planning and analysis of astigmatism treatment in corneal, cataract, and refractive surgery has been outlined by the American National Standards Institute, and was originally described by Australian ophthalmologist Noel A. Alpins in his Alpins Method of astigmatism analysis.
Russian mathematician Victor Veselago predicted that a material with simultaneously negative electric and magnetic polarization responses would yield a negative refractive index (an isotropic refractive index of −1), a ‘left-handed’ medium in which light propagates with opposite phase and energy velocities.
Ian Berger and Larry Spitzberg at the University of Houston College of Optometry in Houston, Texas, to provide a simple, inexpensive means for measuring refractive error in human vision.
Dr. Machat is recognized as a world-class pioneer in refractive surgery which includes LASIK and PRK for the correction of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia.
The refractive surgical procedures of the eye, PRK and LASIK, are allowed, providing at least 1 year has passed since the date of the procedure with no permanent adverse after effects.
A typical value of refractive index for crown glass is 1.5, (See list) which indicates that only about 43% of the area (67% of diameter) of a spherical lens is useful.
Tin oxide remains in suspension in vitreous matrix of the fired glazes, and, with its high refractive index being sufficiently different from the matrix, light is scattered, and hence increases the opacity of the glaze.