Upper esophageal sphincter | External sphincter muscle of male urethra | External sphincter muscle of female urethra | Bladder sphincter dyssynergia |
It may promote acid reflux, also known as GERD, by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter muscle.
Upper esophageal sphincter (also called pharyngoesophageal sphincter) within the hypopharynx
Fetal distress during labor causes intestinal contractions, as well as relaxation of the anal sphincter, which allows meconium to pass into the amniotic fluid and contaminate the amniotic fluid.
There is a lengthy chapter on Mr. Methane called "The Man With the Singing Sphincter" in Jim Dawson's 2006 book Blame It on the Dog: A Modern History of the Fart.
External sphincter muscle of female urethra (Musculus sphincter urethrae externus urethrae femininae)
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External sphincter muscle of male urethra (Musculus sphincter urethrae externus urethrae masculinae)
Incontinence is another easily detectable symptom of the syndrome that is due to detrusor-sphincter discoordination, although it can easily be mistaken for pyelonephritis.
A recent meta-analysis which used two RCT's (Randomised Controlled Trial), currently provides the highest quality data in comparing pharyngeal flap with sphincter pharyngoplasty.