Even in 19th century North America, when by the decree of the President of the United States, Brigham Young, the Mormon hierarch and head of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, was appointed first Governor of the Utah Territory on 28 September 1851, this was called (politically, not in law) establishing a semi-theocratic (theodemocratic) form of government there (until the Utah War) as an imperium in imperio, within the limits of the republic.