Bolgar-speaking Volga Bulgarians (later Kazan Tatars), Astrakhan Tatars, Balkars, Karachays, Kumyks, Cumans (later Crimean Tatars), Bashkirs and Mongolian aristocracy adopted the Kipchak language in the days of the Golden Horde.
Astrakhan | Tatars | Crimean Tatars | Astrakhan-Caspian Military Flotilla | Qasim I of Astrakhan | Qasim II of Astrakhan | Lipka Tatars | Astrakhan Tatars | Astrakhan Khanate |