John Mountain, one of its first settlers, is reported to have named the town after the Barcoo River in his home country of Australia.
The waters of the river flow towards Lake Eyre in central Australia while those of rivers further east join the Murray-Darling basin and reach the sea in South Australia.
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A second is "Barcoo Fever", in which the sufferer experiences fever, nausea and vomiting which was exacerbated by the sight or smell of food, and constipation.
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Waterways coursing through Central West Queensland include the Barcoo River, Georgina River, Diamantina River, Thomson River, Burke River, Hamilton River and Cooper Creek.
It rises in the form of two central Queensland rivers, the Thomson between Longreach and Charters Towers, and the Barcoo in the area around Barcaldine, about 500 kilometres inland from Rockhampton.
In the middle of March he was following the Flinders River, but finding he was getting too far to the east, struck south to the Thomson River and then the Barcoo River.