This design was invented in 1933 by American physicist Francis Bitter.
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Additionally, water circulates through holes in the plates as a coolant, to carry away the enormous heat created in the plates due to resistive heating by the large currents flowing through them.
The Bitter End | Great Bitter Lake | Bitter Moon | Bitter Sweet | Bitter Rice | Bitter Sweet Symphony | Bitter Grace | The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant | Karl Bitter | Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian | Bitter Sweet (1940 film) | Bitter Ending | The Bitter Tea of General Yen | Pieter de Bitter | Francis Bitter | For Bitter or Worse | Bitter vetch | Bitter Tea | Bitter orange | Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge | Bitter Fruit | Bitter End |