In exile, he worked with the magazine "Forward!", joined the group of Polish-Russian immigrants, after the break with P. L. Lavrov began to publish a magazine "Alarm" (1875–81), together with K. M. of Tours was one of the founders of the Society of National Liberation"(1877), whose activities in Russia was negligible. In mid-1870. made friends with the French Blanquists, collaborated in their newspaper «Ni dieu, ni maitre» («Neither God nor master").
He wrote an introduction to this edition, emphasizing the historical significance of the experience of the Paris Commune, and its theoretical generalization by Marx in The Civil War in France, and also providing additional information on the activities of the Communards from among the Blanquists and Proudhonists.
Other Blanquists initially remained aloof from the organisation because it French section was dominated by followers of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, whom they considered insufficiently revolutionary.
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While republicans like Clemenceau were shedding whatever socialist sympathies they may once have had and moving into positions of power in the Third Republic, the French Blanquists and Marxists firmly opposed socialist participation in 'bourgeois' republican governments and furiously denounced reformist socialists like Alexandre Millerand who sought power.