As the Gasmouloi were enrolled as marines in the Byzantine navy by Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, the term eventually lost its ethnic connotations and came to be applied generally to those owing a military service from the early 14th century on.
The new effective Regent was Romanos Lekapenos, Drungarios (admiral) of the Byzantine navy.
His navy challenged the Byzantine navy and raided the Byzantine islands and coasts at will.
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