He died at Earl's Court, Kensington, London, in August 1703, aged 32, and was succeeded in the earldom by his younger brother, Charles.
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He translated Plutarch's life of Lysander, and published an edition of the epistles of Phalaris, which engaged him in the famous controversy with Bentley.
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He bequeathed his personal library and collection of scientific instruments to Christ Church Library; the instruments are now on display in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford.
He inspired a pupil, Charles Boyle, in the Examination of Dr. Bentley's Dissertations on the Epistles of Phalaris, an attack (1698) on the Whig scholar Richard Bentley, arising out of Bentley's impugnment of the genuineness of the Epistles of Phalaris.
He was created Earl of Blessington on 7 December 1745, his mother having been sister and sole heiress of Charles, 2nd and last Viscount Blesington.