Genoa and France each claimed portions of the western Mediterranean.
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A more modern countermeasure, similar to privateering, was the use of submarine warfare by Germany during World War I and World War II to attack allied merchant shipping primarily in the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Baltic Sea.
Black Sea | Mediterranean Sea | Baltic Sea | North Sea | Red Sea | Caspian Sea | Caribbean Sea | Adriatic Sea | RAF Bomber Command | Strategic Air Command | Air Training Command | Air Education and Training Command | Aegean Sea | South China Sea | Sea of Japan | United States Central Command | Irish Sea | Westland Sea King | Dead Sea | Arabian Sea | Tyrrhenian Sea | Southend-on-Sea | IV Fighter Command | East China Sea | Ionian Sea | Bering Sea | White Sea | Kara Sea | First Sea Lord | Air Defense, Tactical Air Command |