The movement spread across Northern Italy, up to 10,000 strong groups processing in Modena, Bologna, Reggio and Parma although certain city authorities refused the Flagellant processions entry.
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Unrelated practices exist in non-Roman Catholic traditions, including actual flagellation amongst Shiites (commemorating the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali), as well as traditions such as whipping women (while spanking men) in a Taoist temple on the Chinese New Year.
The Convent School, or Early Experiences of A Young Flagellant is a 19th-century work of sado-masochistic pornography, written under the pseudonym Rosa Coote and published by William Dugdale in London in 1876.