Characterology attempted to resolve flaws in the phrenological systems of Dr. Francis Joseph Gall
Gall's theories had an influence both on the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso and on his French rival, Alexandre Lacassagne.
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While in medical school, he studied under Johann Hermann and Maximilian Stoll who impressed upon him the important of natural observation.
Franz Joseph Gall himself also highly valued De Ville's work and sent a wax mould of a dissected brain as a token of respect.
The vertical vision can be traced back to the 19th century movement called phrenology and its founder Franz Joseph Gall.
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