Up to the early modern age, international maritime law was governed by customs that were sometimes codified as for example in the 14th-century Catalan Consolat de Mar (Customs of the sea).
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Throughout the years U.S. forces have been performing "Freedom of Navigation" operations in the Straits of Gibraltar, Strait of Hormuz, Straits of Malacca, the Indonesian Archipelago, the Black Sea, and occasionally the Canadian Arctic.
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