The first launched in 1957 from Woomera, Australia and its 441st and final launch took place from Esrange, Sweden on 2 May 2005.
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As the grazing angle is a function inversely proportional to photon energy, the higher-energy X-rays require smaller (less than 2 degrees) grazing angles to be focused.
American Science and Engineering Inc, (AS&E) is a US manufacturer of X-ray equipment and related technologies, originating in 1958 as a developer for NASA, with an early focus on X-ray astronomy led by Riccardo Giacconi.
The solar observations inspired theoretical work by Reuven Ramaty and others.
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On June 19, 1988, from Birigüi (50° 20' W 21° 20' S) at 10:15 UTC a balloon launch occurred which carried two NaI(Tl) detectors (600 cm2 total area) to an air pressure altitude of 5.5 mb for a total observation time of 6 hr.
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The most energetic photons (up to 16 TeV) observed from an extragalactic object originate from the blazar Markarian 501 (Mrk 501).
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The highest photon energies measured to date are in the TeV range, the record being held by an "extraordinary outburst" of blazar Markarian 501 in 1997, yielding photons with as much as 16 TeV.
This is a LINER 2 galaxy that displays an extended emission of X-rays in the region of the nucleus.
Ray Klebesadel is a scientist, now retired, who was a member of the gamma-ray astronomy group at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in New Mexico that discovered cosmic gamma-ray bursts using data from the Vela satellites, which were deployed by the United States after the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963, to police the ban on nuclear tests in space.
Riccardo Giacconi (born October 6, 1931) is an Italian - American Nobel Prize-winning astrophysicist who laid the foundations of X-ray astronomy.