Karbala suffered severe artillery shelling and rebel holdouts were attacked with helicopter gunships, despite the official declaration of Iraqi no-fly zones.
On promotion to Wing Commander, he became the Deputy Combined Force Air Component Commander in Turkey, occasionally commanding the allied air forces operation policing the Iraqi no-fly zones.
While the enforcing powers had cited United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 as authorizing the operations, the resolution contains no explicit authorization.
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The Secretary-General of the UN at the time the resolution was passed, Boutros Boutros-Ghali called the no-fly zones "illegal" in a later interview with John Pilger.
He also served in supporting the enforcement of the no-fly zone in Iraq aboard the USS Constellation (CV-64).
He has participated in many missions, including deployment to Canada, Key West, and Saudi Arabia to enforce the southern no-fly zone in Iraq, F-16 contingency missions over New York City, Washington D. C., and Camp David following the September 11, 2001 attacks.
France, the United Kingdom, and United States used Resolution 688 to establish Iraqi no-fly zones to protect humanitarian operations in Iraq, though the resolution made no explicit reference to no-fly zones.
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