Sorbonne, History and Philosophy of Science (PhD)
1985 Diplôme de l'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, IV Section, Paris
1983 D.E.A.Paris-I-Sorbonne, France
1979 F.R.C.P.(C) Internal medicine
1979 F.R.C.P.(C) Hematology
1979 C.S.P.Q. Hématologie
1974 M.D. University of Toronto
The medical historian Jacalyn Duffin has argued that the invention of the stethoscope marked a major step in the redefinition of disease from being a bundle of symptoms, to the current sense of a disease as a problem with an anatomical system even if there are no noticeable symptoms.
Jackie Chan | Jackie Gleason | Jackie Robinson | Nurse Jackie | Jackie Wilson | Jackie Stewart | Jackie McLean | Jackie Evancho | Jackie Collins | Jackie Kay | Jackie Woodburne | Jackie Mason | Jackie DeShannon | The Jackie Gleason Show | Jackie Coogan | Jackie Clune | The Jackie Thomas Show | The Jackie Boyz | Jackie Speier | Jackie Mittoo | Jackie Joyner-Kersee | Jackie Greene | Jackie Estrada | Jackie Cooper | Jackie Aygemang | Jackie Wright | Jackie's Strength | Jackie Parker | Jackie Paraiso | Jackie Milburn |