He studied at the Jesuit collège in Brescia, before graduating with a doctorate in medicine from the university of Padua in 1746.
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The son of the general Jacques Pierre Abbatucci, Jean Charles was born in Zicavo, Corsica, and studied at the military school in Metz, leaving it in 1787 aged 16 to join the 2nd regiment of foot artillery as a sous-lieutenant.