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Cargninia was named by José Fernando Bonaparte, César Leandro Schultz, Marina Bento Soares and Agustín G. Martinelli in 2010 and the type species is Cargninia enigmatica.
The holotype specimen was collected by an expedition of the Fundación Miguel Lillo and the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, led by José Fernando Bonaparte, from the right (southern) bank of the Senguerr River, in the area between the bend of this river and the Pampa de María Santísima, southeast of the southernmost part of the Sierra de San Bernardo, Chubut Province.