Of eight known manuscript fragments in Greco-Bactrian script, one is from Lou-lan and seven from Toyoq, where they were discovered by the second and third Turpan expeditions under Albert von Le Coq.
The Loulan kingdom ceased to exist in 77 BC, as the last king of Loulan, Angui, was assassinated by two of Fu Jiezi's men during a banquet.
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The Battle of Loulan (樓蘭之戰) in 108 BC marks the earliest Chinese military venture into Central Asia, after a conflict of the Han Dynasty with Loulan and Jushi and a switch of allegiance to the Xiongnu.
Loulan (kingdom), or Kroran, later Shanshan, ancient kingdom in Xinjiang, China
The key oasis towns, watered by rainfall from the mountains, were Kashgar, Marin, Niya, Yarkand, and Khotan (Hetian) to the south, Kuqa and Turpan in the north, and Loulan and Dunhuang in the east.
Gardner Loulan has also worked with the US Forest Service, Habitat for Humanity, Diane E. Watson (Member of the US House of Representatives) as well as the Sisters of Charity and Champions (an outdoor education program based in Los Angeles).
Former water resources of the Tarim River and Lop Nur nurtured the kingdom of Loulan since the second century BCE, an ancient civilization along the Silk Road, which skirted the lake-filled basin.
The region remained under Chinese control intermittently; and when China was weak in the Western Regions Loulan was essentially independent.