TRAF6 activates NF-κB transcription factor ‘Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases’ (MAPK) and ‘c-jun NH2 Terminal Kinases' (Jnk) which activates the transcription factor ‘Activating Transcription Factor 2’ (ATF2).
Some of these pathways include Rap, Erk1/2, MAPK, B-RAF, PI3-K, cAMP, PKA, and TORC2 that are activated to initiate exocytosis, proinsulin gene expression and translation, increase insulin biosynthesis, and genetically increase beta cell proliferation and neogenesis.
The receptor activates insulin gene expression by activation of MAPK through a mechanism dependent on MEK but independent of both Raf and Ras3.
At low nM concentrations, Leptomycin B blocks the nuclear export of many proteins including HIV-1 Rev, MAPK/ERK, and NF-κB/IκB, and it inhibits the inactivation of p53.