S. Gottwald, A Treatise on Many-Valued Logics. Studies in Logic and Computation, vol.
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The Polish logician and philosopher, Jan Łukasiewicz, began to create systems of many-valued logic in 1920, using a third value, "possible", to deal with Aristotle's paradox of the sea battle.
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Those most popular in the literature are three-valued (e.g., Łukasiewicz's and Kleene's, which accept the values "true", "false", and "unknown"), the finite-valued with more than three values, and the infinite-valued, such as fuzzy logic and probability logic.
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In the SAE J1939 standard, used for CAN data transmission in heavy road vehicles, there are four logical (boolean) values, False, True, Error Condition, and Not installed (represented by values 0-3).
Conceptual form and basic ideas were initially created by Jan Łukasiewicz and C. I. Lewis.