By the mid-20th century, according to Crampton (2001) "cartographers as Arthur H. Robinson and others had begun to see the map as primarily a communication tool, and so developed a specific model for map communication, the map communication model (MCM)".
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Shannon developed his ideas more thoroughly in the 1940s at the same time that geographer and cartographer Arthur H. Robinson returned from the Second World War during which he had served as cartographer for the military.
model | Model (person) | America's Next Top Model | Ford Model T | New Model Army | model (person) | Communication | communication | Model United Nations | IPTC Information Interchange Model | map | London College of Communication | Lockheed Model 10 Electra | Standard Model | Model (profession) | Elite Model Management | Visual Communication | RGB color model | Near field communication | Model Engineering College | Fetish model | Chaos Communication Congress | business model | Beechcraft Model 18 | AJK, Mass Communication Research Centre | Scale model | Road map for peace | Nice model | New Model Army (band) | Model Railroader |