The historical Ainu of (southern) Hokkaido appear to be a fusion of this culture, known archeologically as Satsumon, and the very different Nivkh- and Kamchadal-like Okhotsk culture of (northern) Hokkaido, with Satsumon being dominant.
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Linguists believe the vocabulary shared between Ainu and Nivkh (historically spoken in the northern half of Sakhalin and on the Asian mainland facing it) is due to borrowing.
The t'yngryng (or tyngryn, tïgrïk) is a musical instrument of the Nivkh people (formerly called Gilyak) of Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East.
Nivkh | Nivkh people |
Frayerman joined the Red partizan unit fighting Japanese troops nearby Nikolayevsk, then as a komissar travelled through Siberia, helping to maintain the Bolshevik rule in regions inhabited by Tungus, Nivkh and Nanay people.