The monopoly began in earnest in 1773, as the British Governor-General of Bengal abolished the opium syndicate at Patna.
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The French were also eager to be involved after their envoy, Baron Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros, seemingly had his demands ignored (French complaints involved a murdered missionary and French rights in Canton).
He left home as a teenager and eventually made his way to New Orleans where he signed on with the British Navy and sailed on a man-of-war as a "powder monkey" during the Opium Wars.
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The combined effect on China of the opium wars in the south and Japanese naval strikes in the north increasingly led the Japanese to see Korea as a strategic foothold leading into northern China, just as Macau and Hong Kong had been Portuguese and English trade enclaves, respectively, in southern China.