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In 1955, the frequency and effectiveness of Fedayeen attacks being launched from the Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip and the Jordanian-controlled Hebron Hills area against isolated Israeli civilian communities increased, and the IDF searched for new ways to eliminate the threat.
On 11 March 1978, eleven Palestinian militants landed in Zodiac boats on a beach just outside Ma'agan Michael and from there ventured towards Tel Aviv in a hijacked bus in what has become known as the Coastal Road massacre where 38 Israelis were killed.
Luttif Afif (1937? or 1945? – 6 September 1972), alias Issa (Jesus in Arabic), was the commander of the group of Palestinian fedayeen who invaded the Munich Olympic Village on 5 September 1972 and took as hostage nine members of Israel's Olympic team after killing two who resisted.