X-Nico

98 unusual facts about Queensland


1999 Thalgo Australian Women's Hardcourts – Singles

The 1999 Thalgo Australian Women's Hardcourts – Singles was the singles event of the third edition of the Thalgo Australian Women's Hardcourts; a WTA Tier III tournament held in the Gold Coast.

2006–07 Australian region cyclone season

With the first advice, a cyclone watch was immediately declared for the Queensland coast between Ayr and St Lawrence, and TCWC Brisbane upgraded the low to Tropical Cyclone Odette on 3 March.

2008 City of Ipswich 400

It will be held on the weekend of July 18 to 20 at Queensland Raceway in Ipswich, Queensland.

2008 Mondial Australian Women's Hardcourts

It took place in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, from 31 December 2007 through 5 January 2008.

2009 Queensland House and Land.com 300

It contained Rounds 15 and 16 of the series and was held on the weekend of August 21 to 23 at Queensland Raceway in Ipswich, Queensland.

2011 Brisbane International

The 2011 Brisbane International was a joint ATP and WTA tennis tournament, played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland.

2012 Brisbane International

It was the 4th edition of the tournament and took place at the Queensland Tennis Centre in Tennyson.

2012 DH-84 Riama crash

Riama was a 1934 vintage de Havilland Dragon, returning to Caboolture from the Norra-Aus Fly-In airshow at Monto when the pilot reported the aircraft was encountering heavy clouds and zero visibility.

2014 Brisbane International

The 2014 Brisbane International was a joint 2014 ATP World Tour and 2014 WTA Tour tennis tournament, played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland.

31st Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment

In 1940 the battalion, along with the other units of the 11th Brigade—then composed of the 26th, 31st and 51st Battalions—was called up for a short period of training as a compulsory military service scheme as part of Australia's mobilisation during World War II and they went into camp near Bowen.

Air Queensland

Short distance services operated from Cairns to inland and coastal locations such as Cooktown, Karumba and Normanton.

Andrew Armstrong

His youngest son, Charles Nesbitt Frederick Armstrong (1858–1948), born when his father was 71 or 72, went to Queensland, Australia, and married Helen Porter Mitchell (the opera singer, Dame Nellie Melba) in 1882.

Argyrodendron

Argyrodendron actinophyllum and Argyrodendron trifoliolatum occur in scrubs and rainforests along the east coast of Australia, but Argyrodendron peralatum has a restricted distribution in north Queensland between Tully and Cooktown.

Arung Samudera

On August 23, 2007, the Arung Samudera ran aground off the Sunshine Coast of Queensland, Australia in stormy weather.

Aspley, Queensland

Initially, the land was sold for farming and comprised the land around Cabbage Tree Creek, bordered by what is now Zillmere Road, Roghan Road, Bridgeman Road and the northerly continuation of Kirby Road, covering mostly what is now Aspley, Carseldine and Fitzgibbon.

The expressway would travel along the eastern side of Lutwyche Road to Park Road at Kedron, take a northerly route to Chermside and through the eastern side of Aspley, before heading north-westerly through Carseldine to connect with the Bruce Highway north of Bald Hills.

Australian Autobus

Australian Autobus was an Australian bus manufacturer based in Slacks Creek, Brisbane.

B105 FM

The 4BK studio complex, an AM radio facility was located at 16 Campbell Street Bowen Hills.

Banks Creek, Queensland

It is now part of Somerset Region and lies adjacent to the Brisbane River to the west of Lake Manchester.

Barr 6

The Barr 6, also called the Barr Six, Barr 06 and more recently the Morrison 6, is an American amateur-built aircraft that was initially produced by Barr Aircraft of Williamsport, Pennsylvania and now by Morrison Aircraft of Nambour, Queensland, Australia.

Barry Tannenbaum

Barry Tannenbaum is a South African businessman who currently is living in Runaway Bay, Queensland.

Belmont, Queensland

Belmont Shire was a larger area than Belmont today with parts now included in the suburb of Carindale and other suburbs.

Benjamin Harris Babbidge

His funeral left from his residence in Dauphin Terrace, Highgate Hill and he was buried in Toowong Cemetery.

Bikini barista

In Surfers Paradise, Queensland, gold lamé bikini-clad meter maids stroll up and down the beach feeding coins into parking meters so that beach-goers won't get parking tickets.

Billy Sanders

Billy Sanders regained his Australian crown and won his sixth and last Australian Championship in 1985 at the Pioneer Park Speedway in Ayr in Queensland, where he would reverse the previous years result by defeating Crump, with Queensland's Stan Bear finishing third.

Black Stump

The town of Blackall, Queensland makes the following claim to the origin of the expression.

Boss 302 Mustang

As of December 2012 this car has been fully restored to original and is owned by Queensland based collector David Bowden who regularly show's the car at historic events throughout Australia.

Cameron Thompson

Thompson led a proposal to construct a bypass east of the city of Ipswich, known as the Goodna Bypass and connecting Dinmore to the Logan Motorway, in preference to a six-lane upgrade of the Ipswich Motorway.

Carrara Indoor Stadium

Carrara Indoor Stadium is a multi-purpose arena located at Carrara on Queenslands Gold Coast and can accommodate 1,600 fans, with additional seating provided if required which can push total capacity for events such as basketball up to 2,962.

Chinatown, Brisbane

Now, many Chinese-Australian residents including people from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau and China have started to drift away from Chinatown and settle around the favourable Feng shui Sunnybank area located south of the CBD.

Chloe Hooper

In 2005, she turned to reportage and the next year won a Walkley Award for her writing on the death in custody of Cameron Doomadgee on Palm Island, an Aboriginal community off the north-east coast of Australia.

Chris Price

While he was being resuscitated, he suffered a cardiac arrest and he was taken to the Acute Care Unit at Gold Coast Hospital in Southport.

Citipointe Christian College

Citipointe Christian College, previously known as Christian Outreach College Brisbane (COCB), is a Christian independent day school located in Carindale, Queensland.

Conscription in Australia

Such work would have been menial labouring jobs in remote locations such as north and western Queensland, western New South Wales, and northern South Australia.

Coolangatta Mountain

It is named after an early settlement on the banks of the Shoalhaven known as Coolangatta and is only indirectly related to the better-known Coolangatta, Queensland.

Coral Sea

Queensland has several major urban centres on the coast including Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Rockhampton, Bundaberg, Sunshine Coast and the industrial city of Gladstone, which inevitably contaminate the sea.

Crossing the Ditch

He took 63 days 7 hours to row his Yorkshire Dory row-boat from Hokianga, New Zealand to Marcus Beach on the Sunshine Coast of Australia.

Cymbiolacca pulchra wisemani

This species occurs in shallow water on top of the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia from at least as far north as Saint Crispins Reef Reef east of Cape Tribulation to at least as far south as Stanley Reef north east of Bowen.

Debbie Bowman-Sullivan

Deborah Ann Bowman-Sullivan (born 4 July 1963) in Southport, Queensland) is an Australian former field hockey defender, who won the gold medal with the Women's National Team at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.

Division of Bonner

The Division of Bonner is located in the eastern suburbs of Brisbane, including the suburbs of Chandler, Carindale, Manly, Mount Gravatt, Wishart and Wynnum.

Division of Forde

When it was created it was a marginal seat in the southern suburbs of Brisbane, but it now has no territory in common with the original seat and is located in semi-rural areas south of the city, including Beenleigh, Beaudesert, Boonah and Loganlea.

Easts Tigers Rugby Union

Easts draws players mainly from Eastern and Southern suburbs of Brisbane, ranging from West End to Capalaba, and south to Mt Gravatt.

Electoral district of Albert

Its present boundaries, as at the 2009 election, take in mostly urban, semi-urban and industrial areas west of the Pacific Motorway extending from Mount Warren Park and Windaroo in southern Logan to Coomera and Oxenford in the outer northern Gold Coast.

Electoral district of Aspley

The district is located in the north-eastern residential suburbs of Brisbane, encompassing Aspley, Bridgeman Downs, and Carseldine, as well as parts of McDowall, West Chermside, Lawnton, and Zillmere.

Electoral district of Logan

In 1991 the eastern half of the Logan electorate was lost to the Electoral district of Waterford and the Electoral district of Woodridge, leaving the Logan electorate located in the suburbs of Boronia Heights, Browns Plains, Marsden and Park Ridge.

Emma Harrison

Emma Harrison currently resides in Los Angeles and Burleigh Heads, Queensland, Australia.

Extension bell

An early Australian system at Mount Crosby, Queensland featured an extension bell which was connected to an engineer's telephone over a distance of a quarter mile.

Geoff Grover

A licensed real estate agent, he works from Mount Coolum, in Queensland.

Giant Malleefowl

It was described from Plio-Pleistocene deposits at the Darling Downs and Chinchilla in south-east Queensland by Charles De Vis, who erected the genus Progura for it.

Gordon Burford

Gordon Burford died on the 12th March, 2010, following a fall at his home in Currumbin Queensland.

Government House, Brisbane

Government House, or 'Fernberg', is located in the Brisbane suburb of Paddington, in Queensland, Australia.

Great Oakley, Essex

James Cockle, a surgeon and father of mathematician and first Chief Justice of Queensland Sir James Cockle.

Greg Ritchie

Gregory Michael Ritchie (born 23 January 1960, Stanthorpe, Queensland) is a former Australian cricketer who played in 30 Tests and 44 ODIs from 1982 to 1987.

HMAS Ipswich

Two ships of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) have been named HMAS Ipswich, for the city of Ipswich, Queensland.

Hornibrook Bridge

Hornibrook Bridge was one of three bridges that crossed Bramble Bay, Queensland, Australia.

Indigenous Australians and crime

The issue resurfaced in 2004 when an Indigenous man, Mulrunji Doomadgee, died in custody in Palm Island, Queensland, an incident that caused riots on the island.

Indigenous intellectual property

:This declaration arose out of a meeting of indigenous and non-indigenous specialists, who, at Jingarrba, in north-eastern Australia, agreed indigenous intellectual property rights are best determined from within the customary laws of the indigenous groups' themselves.

James Alpin McPherson

After finishing his schooling, McPherson first started work at a stoneyard on the corner of Wharf and Queen streets in Ipswich, owned by a Mr. Petrie, before finding work on a cattle station.

James Cook University School of Medicine and Dentistry

Students will study the first three to four years on the Cairns Campus, and will spend the final year developing their clinical skills on placements in public and private dental clinics across northern Queensland, including Mackay, Proserpine, Atherton, and Thursday Island.

Johannes Christian Brunnich

In 1897 he was appointed government agricultural chemist in the new Queensland Department of Agriculture.

John Rutherford Gordon

From 1942, he served as the Commanding Officer of the No 3 Initial Training School at Kingaroy, Queensland.

Jupiters Hotel and Casino

Jupiters Hotel and Casino is a casino and hotel located in the suburb of Broadbeach on the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia.

Kalkadoon Grasswren

The specific epithet ballarae refers to the deserted mining town of Ballara, in north-western Queensland between Mount Isa and Cloncurry.

Kate Morton

Kate Morton is married to Davin, a jazz musician and composer, and they have two sons; they live in the Brisbane suburb of Paddington.

Kathleen Gorham

She retired from dancing after the Australian Ballet's first overseas tour in 1966, and then taught ballet in Melbourne and Southport, Queensland until her death.

King plate

Bilin Bilin - King of Logan and Pimpama was known to roam through the area that is now Logan City, Queensland.

Kings Beach, California

:For the suburb & beach in Queensland, Australia, see Kings Beach, Queensland.

Kuraby, Queensland

Kuraby is serviced by a fast electric train service to Brisbane city and the Gold Coast, whilst a bus service takes commuters to the large shopping centres of Upper Mount Gravatt and Springwood.

Lake Eyre basin

It rises in the form of two central Queensland rivers, the Thomson between Longreach and Charters Towers, and the Barcoo in the area around Barcaldine, about 500 kilometres inland from Rockhampton.

Lawnton

Lawnton, Queensland a suburb of the Pine Rivers Shire of South East Queensland, Australia

Leslie Harrison Dam

The dam forms Tingalpa Reservoir which is situated between the suburbs of Capalaba, Chandler and Burbank in Brisbane, Australia.

Machinery of government

In Queensland, the Premier has sole responsibility for determining ministerial portfolios.

Marsden State High School

Marsden State High School is located on Muchow Road between the suburbs of Marsden and Waterford West.

Martin Gleeson

Much of his early rugby development took place in Australia, where he emigrated with his family at age 10 to live in Queensland, where he played his junior rugby league for the Logan brothers club based in Woodridge, Queensland.

Maurie Fowler

He then returned to the Goulburn Valley Football League, playing one season with Mooroopna and one season with Kyabram, before accepting the position as playing coach of the Palm Beach Currumbin Football Club on the Queensland Gold Coast in 1970.

Mike and Michelle Jackson

Michelle Jackson (born Noosa Heads, Queensland, Australia) already played guitar; fiddle; and mandolin when she met Mike and quickly added a number of other instruments to her list of skills.

Mount Alvernia College

Mount Alvernia College is an independent Catholic secondary school for girls located in Kedron, Queensland, Australia.

No. 43 Squadron RAAF

Equipped with Catalina aircraft the Squadron flew its first operational patrols from Karumba on 8 September.

North Pine

North Pine United Soccer Club are an Australian football (soccer) club from Dakabin, a suburb of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.

Past Brothers

At present, Past Brothers competes in the South East Division junior competitions, playing out of Gibson Park in Stafford.

Queensland Railways 1300 class

The 1300 class were a class of diesel locomotive built by English Electric, Rocklea for Queensland Rail between 1967 and 1972.

R v Carroll

In October 1983 Carroll was interviewed by the police in relation to the murder of Deidre, a baby whose body had been found on the roof of a toilet block in Ipswich, Queensland, in April 1973.

Rugby union in Papua New Guinea

Due to its close relationship with Queensland in Australia, rugby league is very strong in the country, and the other code also tried aggressive expansion there in the 80s and 90s.

Ruth Fairfax

In August 1922, in a meeting at the Albert Hall, Brisbane, Fairfax was elected President of the newly established Queensland branch of Country Women's Association.

Sandgate Football Club

Sandgate Football Club are an Australian rules club which played its home games in the Brisbane suburb of Taigum.

Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell

It turns out that Charlene is Madge's daughter, who has just arrived from Queensland and the two have not seen each other in several years.

Sean Rothsey

He was a member of the Community Rating Reference Working Group for Noosa Shire Council in 2007, and a founding member of the Lake MacDonald Catchment Coordinating Committee for Noosa Shire.

Sherwood railway station, Brisbane

Sherwood (formerly Oxley West) is a railway station located in the Brisbane suburb of Sherwood, Queensland, Australia, on the Ipswich and Rosewood and Springfield lines.

Shire of Sherwood

The Shire of Sherwood is a former local government area of Queensland, Australia, located in south-western Brisbane in and around the suburb of Sherwood.

Slender-billed Cuckoo-Dove

The taxonomy of the Slender-billed Cuckoo-Dove is disputed, and some authorities split it into two species: M. amboinensis (Slender-billed Cuckoo-Dove) of eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, and M. phasianella (Brown Cuckoo-Dove) of eastern Australia from Weipa and Aurukun in the north to Bega in the south, and most inland at Atherton and Toowoomba.

Southern Highlands Province

As a region rich in energy resources, the Southern Highlands was at the centre of plans to construct a gas pipeline to pump natural gas to Queensland in north Australia.

Stephen Muir

Stephen Muir is an Australian Paralympic amputee athletics competitor from the Sunshine Coast, Queensland.

Steve Constanzo

Steve Costanzo (born January 22, 1988 in Ingham, Queensland) is an Australian professional basketball player who currently plays for the Townsville Heat in the Queensland Basketball League.

Sunnybank

Sunnybank, Queensland, a suburb in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia much reduced in size from the previous suburb of Sunnybank

Tarkine

From the late 1990s, the area came under increasing national and international scrutiny in a similar vein to the environmental protests surrounding Tasmania's Franklin River and Queensland's Daintree Rainforest.

The Kokoda Challenge

Starting in the Gold Coast Hinterland suburb of Mudgeeraba, the track follows selected fire trails and paths through Austinville, Springbrook, Numinbah Valley, Beechmont and Clagiraba to the finish line at the Nerang Velodrome.

University of Queensland Australian Football Club

UQAFC home games are played at the University of Queensland's No. 7 playing oval on the corner of Sir Fred Schonell Drive and Coleridge Street, St Lucia, Brisbane.

UQ Lakes busway station

The UQ Lakes Bus Station, at UQ's St Lucia Campus, is serviced by TransLink bus routes.


1984 Australian Sports Car Championship

Queensland based owner/driver Bap Romano won the series driving his Romano WE84 Cosworth from 1982 champion Chris Clearihan (driving the Kaditcha-Chevrolet that Peter Hopwood used to win the 1983 Championship) and Andrew Roberts driving a self designed Roberts S2 Ford.

Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003

Ban Ban Springs - First place put on Queensland's Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register

Acacia argyrodendron

Acacia argyrodendron is found in central Queensland in the basins of the Cape, Suttor and Belyando Rivers on clay soils in areas where the annual rainfall ranges between 475 and 655 mm (19-26 in).

Aila Keto

Aila Inkeri Keto AO (born 14 March 1943) is founder and President of the Rainforest Conservation Society in Queensland, Australia, now known as the Australia Rainforest Conservation Society.

Andrew Dawson

Anderson Dawson (Andrew Dawson, 1863–1910), Australian politician, Premier of Queensland for one week in 1899.

Anne Boyd

Her father died when she was age 3, and her mother sent her to live with relatives on a sheep station (Maneroo) near Longreach, in central Queensland.

Areva Solar

Areva Solar is conducting a 44-MW solar thermal addition with CS Energy to the existing 750-MW Kogan Creek Power Station in Queensland, Australia.

Auskick

The AFL has used the Auskick program the introduce Australian rules football into schools and communities around the country to increase the AFL's profile in areas that traditionally support other football codes such as New South Wales and Queensland.

Australian heritage law

Australian heritage laws exist at the national (Commonwealth) level, and at each of Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia state levels.

Ballet Theatre of Queensland

Ballet Theatre of Queensland, founded in 1937 by Phyllis Danaher MBE FRAD, is the oldest continuous dance company in Australia.

Barbara Jefferis Award

The Anatomy of Wings, Karen Foxlee, University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, ISBN 978-0-7022-3616-7

Cape York

Cape York Peninsula, a large peninsula located in Queensland, Australia

Central Coast Centurions

The Centurions coach Rip Taylor was selected to coach alongside Jason Taylor as the assistrant coach of the NSW Residents on the 7th of July 2010 against the Queensland residents before game III of the 2010 State of Origin series at ANZ Stadium.

Charles Crombie

Crombie was born in Brisbane, Queensland, on 16 March 1914 to David William Alexander Crombie, a grazing farmer, and his Indian-born British wife Phoebe Janet (née Arbuthnot), the daughter of Lieutenant General Sir Charles Arbuthnot.

Chris Boyle

During the game he awarded three penalties (two to Melbourne, one to North Queensland), and handed out two red cards to North Queensland players Chris Grossman and Eric Akoto.

City of Darebin

He left the City of Darebin to take up the role of Chief Executive Officer at the Shire of Maroochy in Queensland.

Cooper Grace Ward Lawyers

By the year 2000, Brisbane was fast growing as an alternative for business from Sydney and Melbourne as major international companies such as Virgin Australia, Boeing Australia, Mincom Limited and Billabong (clothing) set up their head offices in Queensland.

Drawn from Bees

In October 2009, Drawn from Bees released their third record, The Sky is Falling, an EP containing a series of vignettes revolving around a central theme of the sky falling down, touring throughout Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia.

Fitzgerald Report

Fitzgerald Report or Fitzgerald Inquiry, a 1989 inquiry into police misconduct in Queensland

Garlali language

Breen pointed out that some groups in southwest Queensland had abandoned their original languages (but not their names) and adopted the ‘Wilson River Language’ in the early days of Australian settlement when people moved from Thargomindah to Nockatunga (near the modern town of Noccundra).

Gordon Nuttall

In 2006 the CMC also began an investigation into a series of loans Nuttall received from Queensland mining magnate Ken Talbot.

Hadronyche formidabilis

Hadronyche formidabilis, the northern tree funnel-web spider, is a venomous mygalomorph spider found in Queensland and New South Wales.

Illingworth St Mary's Cricket Club

Over the years many famous players have played for and at Illingworth; Tom Emmett (England), Alex Lees (Yorkshire), Gary Fellows (Yorkshire), Stuart Law (Essex, Queensland, Lancashire & Australia) and Robin Uthappa (India).

Jeff Gilberthorpe

A reaction to being stuck for hours behind a semi-trailer carrying a house up Tamborine Mountain in Queensland, this tale of a traditional "Queenslander" style house lifted out of the way of a deadly flood by its owner's judicious use of hot-air balloons led to a sequence of pictures detailing the flying house's journey over notable Australian landmarks, both natural and manmade, and illustrate the book Icon Collection.

Jock Butterfield

Butterfield ended up playing in the Foley Shield competition for Mount Isa and Cloncurry in Queensland's outback until his retirement in the early '70s.

John Bellenden Ker Gawler

The state of Queensland in Australia has named its second highest peak Mount Bellenden Ker - it is also the wettest known locality in Australia.

Macaduma toxophora

It is found along the eastern coast of Australia from southern Queensland to Victoria.

Nick Kruger

Nicholas James Kruger (born 14 August 1983, Paddington, New South Wales) is an Australian cricketer who has played First-class cricket for Queensland and List A cricket for Tasmania.

Paul Stevenson

More recently, Stevenson has become politically involved and in the upcoming 2013 Federal Election he will stand as the lead Senate candidate in Queensland for the Australian Democrats.

Popular Theatre Troupe

Their first production was Star Trick, a satire lampooning the Star Trek television series focussing on the absurdity of local Queensland politics interspersed with ironically sung old popular songs.

QRL

Queensland Rugby League, the governing body of rugby league football in the Australian state of Queensland

QTQ

QTQ-9's nightly news program is Nine News Queensland, presented on weeknights by Andrew Lofthouse and Melissa Downes, with Wally Lewis presenting sport, and Garry Youngberry presenting the weather.

Red-legged pademelon

In Australia it has a scattered distribution from the tip of Cape York Peninsula in Queensland to around Tamworth in New South Wales.

Regatta Hotel

A famous protest took place in the public bar in 1965, when two women, Merle Thornton (mother of Australian actress Sigrid Thornton) and Rosalie Bognor, chained themselves to the bar in protest of Queensland's restriction of public bars to men only.

Ron Withnall

Withnall was born in Townsville, Queensland, but attended school at Canterbury High School in Sydney.

Sabeel Ahmed

Dr. Ahmed was alleged to have been given Dr. Haneef's British mobile phone SIM card when the latter left Britain last year to take a job at the Gold Coast Hospital in Queensland, Australia.

Scott Alderdice

Scott Alderdice is a Shakespearean director, media producer and acting lecturer currently based at the University of Southern Queensland in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.

Sea foam

Between 27 and 28 January 2013, the Sunshine Coast in Queensland, Australia, had masses of foam wash up on land from ex-tropical cyclone Oswald.

Stout whiting

Like most smelt-whitings, the stout whiting is a schooling species, occasionally associating with S. vitttata, S. burrus and S. bassensis in southern Western Australia and with S. flindersi in southern Queensland.

Tenterfield Oration

The town of Tenterfield suffered from the disunited administration of the States, as it was distant from the New South Wales state capital of Sydney and rather closer to commercial centres across the border in Queensland.

William Galloway

William McNaughton Galloway (1840–1895), mayor of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Wizard Cup

Queensland Cup, a rugby league football competition formerly known as the Queensland Wizard Cup

Yasi

2011's Cyclone Yasi - Caused significant damage to Queensland, Australia in 2011

Yellow Honeyeater

The Yellow Honeyeater hovers in front of the spectacular flowers of the wild Bottlebrush Orchid or Coelandria smillieae which appear in northern Queensland between August and November, while feeding upon the nectar and pollinating the flowers.