These involve the provision of alternative and accessible representations of what is being displayed on the screen accessed through an API.
•
This approach is considerably easier for screen readers, but fails when applications do not comply with the accessibility API: for example, Microsoft Word does not comply with the MSAA API, so screen readers must still maintain an off-screen model for Word or find another way to access its contents.
Screen Actors Guild | Reader's Digest | Screen Gems | Eddi Reader | Reader (academic rank) | screen | Utne Reader | Screen Actors Guild Award | Reader | Screen Tests | Chicago Reader | reader | Ralph Reader | Carry On series on screen and stage | Blue Screen of Death | Wizard People, Dear Reader | Weekly Reader | Google Reader | Window screen | The Screen Savers | The Screen Guild Theater | Television Screen Magazine | Stevenson screen | Songs from the Silver Screen | screen test | Screen International | Reader's Digest#Indian edition | Reader's Digest Association | Projection screen | Moon+ Reader |
In 2012 and 2013 the PDF Association helped raise money and awareness for NV Access's NVDA to further development of the world's first PDF/UA conforming screen reader.