The invasion, a combined land and sea expedition, which began in 480 BC, fell under the command of the king himself Xerxes I and his brother-in-law and cousin Mardonius who was a close confidant of Xerxes' father Darius.
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From the first hour of the memorable 29th of May, disorder and rapine prevailed in Constantinople, till the eighth hour of the same day, when the Sultan himself passed in triumph through the gate of St. Romanus.
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In the latter the, in comparison to the storm buffeted Persians', much smaller fleet of Greek naval forces retreated to Salamis after several undecisive clashes during at least three days in August, 480 BC, after the news of the defeat on land left the strategy of the Greek allies in ruins.
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