There were also repeated attempts by some Polish academics and philosophers, like Leszek Kołakowski, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and Stanisław Ossowski to develop, as a slowly eroding opposition, a specific form of Polish Marxism.
Stanisław August Poniatowski | Stanisław Lem | Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz | Stanisław Jerzy Lec | Stanisław Skrowaczewski | Stanisław Wyspiański | Stanisław Poniatowski | Stanisław Moniuszko | Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz | Stanisław Staszic | Stanisław Potocki | Stanisław Ossowski | Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki | Stanisław Mikołajczyk | Stanisław Maczek | Stanisław Leszczyński | Stanisław Kulczyński | Stanisław Kostka | Stanisław Grzmot-Skotnicki | Stanisław Baran | Jan Stanisław Bystroń | Stanisław Witkiewicz | Stanisław Tymiński | Stanisław Tatar | Stanisław Przybyszewski | Stanisław Lubomirski (1704–1793) | Stanisław Lubomirski | Stanisław Grabski | Stanisław Chlebowski | Andrzej Stanisław Załuski |
The list included the "elite of Polish scholarship", signatories such as Tadeusz Kotarbiński, sociologists Józef Chałasiński, Stanisław and Maria Ossowska and Jan Stanisław Bystroń, biologists Stanisław Kulczyński and Jan Dembowski, psychologist Władysław Witwicki, physicist Konstanty Zakrzewski, and historians Seweryn Wysłouch, Tadeusz Manteuffel and Natalia Gąsiorowska.
Maria Ossowska and Stanisław Ossowski, "The Science of Science," 1935, reprinted in Bohdan Walentynowicz, ed.