X-Nico

Nonelectrostatic electric fields

The striking difference between the two kinds of fields is that we cannot associate electric potential with points in such an electric field and that the work done by the electric force in such a field is not zero over a closed loop.

Retarded potential

where φ(r, t) is the electric potential and A(r, t) is the magnetic potential, for an arbitrary source of charge density ρ(r, t) and current density J(r, t), and $\backslash Box$ is the D'Alembert operator.

see also

Electric potential energy

The following outline of proof states the derivation from the definition of electric potential energy and Coulomb's law to this formula.

Langmuir probe

A Langmuir probe is a device named after Nobel Prize winning physicist Irving Langmuir, used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and electric potential of a plasma.