Esophageal atresia - affects the alimentary tract causing the esophagus to end before connecting normally to the stomach.
It then courses behind the esophagus (or rarely in front of esophagus, or even in front of trachea) to supply blood to right arm.
The implantation procedure lasts approximately 40 minutes, and involves attaching two small electrodes from the lead to the lower esophagus.
Historical treatment of food bolus obstruction included administration of proteolytic enzymes (such as meat tenderizers), or even acidic substances, such as Coca-Cola with the purpose of degrading the meat that was blocked; however, it is possible that these methods may increase the risk of perforation of the esophagus.
In 1929 Mallory and Soma Weiss, a physician at Harvard, described 15 cases of severe, painless hemorrhage caused by a tear in the mucosa of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction preceded by vomiting in alcoholic patients.