X-Nico

unusual facts about gradient



Aquifer test

Transmissivity The rate at which water is transmitted through a unit thickness of an aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient.

Beta cell

When the glucose concentration outside the cell is high, glucose molecules move into the cell by facilitated diffusion, down its concentration gradient through the GLUT2 transporter.

Borescope

Optical systems in rigid borescopes can be of 3 basic types: Harold Hopkins rod lenses, achromatic doublets and gradient index rod lenses.

Bregman method

Then, for each constraint a generalized projection onto its feasible set is performed, updating both the constraint's dual variable and all primal variables for which there are non-zero coefficients in the constraint functions gradient.

Brown adipose tissue

This energy is used to synthesize ATP when the protons flow across the membrane (down their concentration gradient) through the ATP synthase enzyme; this is known as chemiosmosis.

Bullo Cross Halt railway station

The Halt, which was located 1 mile 37 chains from Newnham on a 1 in 54 gradient.

Canfield ocean

The term Strangelove ocean is a model name coined by a study published in 1985, which found a decrease in the δ13 C values of planktic skeletons following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, causing a homogenous ocean in decades or centuries, visible in the boundary sediment layer as a manifestation of the elimination in the surface-to-bottom carbon isotope gradient in ocean waters, the halt of ocean primary production.

Chronoamperometry

The reduction will be diffusion-limited, thereby causing the current to drop in time (proportional to the diffusion gradient that is formed by diffusion).

Col Agnel

From Château-Queyras (France), the climb is 20.5 km long at an average gradient of 6.6%.

From Casteldelfino (Italy), the climb is 22.4 km long at an average gradient of 6.5%.

Dornoch Light Railway

The Railway started at a south-facing junction with the Sutherland Railway at The Mound station, departing trains turning right on a sharply falling gradient.

Dove Holes railway station

In 1957, the gradient into Chapel-en-le-Frith was the scene of a serious accident, in which the driver of a runaway freight train, John Axon remained at his post and died, being awarded a posthumous George Cross.

Edmund Hugh Hodgkinson

In 1904, Hodgkinson sold an improved version of the Gradient design to Terot et Compagnie of Dijon, France, who were producing a version by 1907.

Efraim Racker

Once both of these factors were identified Racker was able to confirm Peter D. Mitchell's hypothesis that contrary to popular opinion, ATP synthesis was not coupled to respiration through a high-energy intermediate but instead by a transmembrane proton gradient.

Einstein–Brillouin–Keller method

for example, the work of Eric J. Heller and Emmanuel David Tannenbaum using a partial differential equation gradient descent approach.

February 13, 1979 windstorm

The mesoscale low caused a particularly intense pressure gradient to develop across the Kitsap Peninsula region.

Field effect

Wien effect, in electrolytes, an increase in ionic mobility or conductivity of electrolytes at very high gradient of electrical potential.

FLASH MRI

Siemens uses the name FLASH, General Electric used the name SPGR (Spoiled Gradient Echo), and Philips uses the name CE-FFE-T1 (Contrast-Enhanced Fast Field Echo) or T1-FFE.

Hamburg City S-Bahn

The ramp has a maximum gradient of 3.94%, since only a few hundred metres from the beginning of the tunnel it begins to run under the Inner Alster Lake to Jungfernstieg station, which is built under the lake.

Hardknott Pass

The road approaching the pass vies with Rosedale Chimney Bank in North Yorkshire for the title of steepest road in England with both achieving a gradient of 1 in 3 (about 33%).

Henry Stommel

Henry Stommel showed that the north-south gradient of the strength of the Coriolis force (the "beta effect") was responsible for the observed fact that the return flow of the slow interior gyre circulations is concentrated in fast moving western boundary currents, such as the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio Current, a process known as western intensification.

JNR Class EF62

A total of 54 Class EF62 DC electric locomotives were built between 1962 and 1969 for use hauling passenger and freight on the Shinetsu Main Line and particularly over the extreme 66.7 gradient of the Usui Pass between Yokokawa and Karuizawa.

John Wallace Pringle

The survey's findings confirmed that the caravan route to the Great Rift Valley was the best path for the line, followed by the easiest gradient to be found over the Mau Escarpment and down to Lake Victoria.

Ladderane

Dissipation of the proton gradient is coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP through membrane-bound ATPases.

Ledbury railway station

The single-track Ledbury Tunnel, immediately to the east of the station, was notorious among steam locomotive crews for its bad atmosphere, the result of its unusually narrow bore combined with a steep gradient and a bend at the north end.

Leonty Ramensky

This was long before Correspondence analysis was first used (1952), the now classic applications of ordination to plant communities by J. Roger Bray and John T. Curtis and David W. Goodall and the theoretical foundations of gradient analysis was developed by Whittaker and others (1970s onwards).

Lithium molybdenum purple bronze

The compound was first obtained by Martha Greenblatt and others by a temperature gradient flux technique.

Magnetic trap

Magneto-optical trap (or MOT), a trap using a magnetic gradient and laser light to trap neutral atoms

Mount Pleasant, Sheffield

When first built the mansion stood in a rural situation within sight of the centre of Sheffield, surrounded by farmland at the top of a slight gradient overlooking the valley of the River Sheaf.

Nagashima Dam Station

In between Abt Ichishiro Station and Nagashima Dam Station, the gradient is very steep and

Nascot Wood

The Industrial Revolution brought the Grand Junction Canal (now Grand Union Canal) in 1798 and the London and Birmingham Railway in 1837, both located here for the same reasons the road had followed centuries before, seeking an easy gradient over the Chiltern Hills.

Nonlinear conjugate gradient method

Newton based methods - Newton-Raphson Algorithm, Quasi-Newton methods (e.g., BFGS method) - tend to converge in fewer iterations, although each iteration typically requires more computation than a conjugate gradient iteration as Newton-like methods require computing the Hessian (matrix of second derivatives) in addition to the gradient.

Pas de Peyrol

In the 2004 tour, the pass was used on stage 10 from Limoges to Saint-Flour, approaching from the Salers direction which includes a final three kilometres at an average of 12% and a maximum gradient of 15%, with Richard Virenque first over the summit.

Peter D. Mitchell

His hypothesis was confirmed by the discovery of ATP synthase, a membrane-bound protein that uses the potential energy of the electrochemical gradient to make ATP.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

At Columbia University in 1984, David C. Schwartz and Charles Cantor developed a variation on the standard protocol by introducing an alternating voltage gradient to improve the resolution of larger molecules.

Rosh HaNikra grottoes

The cable car was manufactured by Austrian manufacturer Doppelmayr Garaventa Group, and claims to be the steepest cable car in the world, ascending at a gradient of 60 degrees.

Ruling gradient

Ideally, the cutting at the summit should be as deep as possible, such as at Shap, as this helps reduce the amount of climb, and the steepness of the gradient.

Severn and Wye Railway

There were many branches to various collieries and a 'Mineral Loop' line was built to avoid reversal at Cinderford and the steep gradient from Speech House Road to Serridge Junction.

SNCF 240P

These 25 4-8-0s were created by 1940 to tackle the 1:12 gradient of the Les Laumes to Dijon division of the line from Paris to Lyon.

Soil food web

For example, a Berlese funnel, used to collect small arthropods, creates a light/heat gradient in the soil sample.

South Devon Railway Company

It then climbs steeply up to Rattery and then skirts the southern edge of Dartmoor before dropping down a steep gradient at Hemerdon to terminate nearly back at sea level in Plymouth.

Texture gradient

In 2000, a paper about the texture gradient equation, wavelets, and shape from texture was released by Maureen Clerc and Stéphane Mallat.

Thermal shock

Similarly, the strong gradient of temperature (due to the fire) is believed to cause the crash of the Tsar Bell.

Thermal wind

If we differentiate the geostrophic wind, \mathbf{v} g = \frac{1}{f} \mathbf{k} \times \nabla p \Phi (where \; f \; is the Coriolis parameter, \mathbf{k} is the vertical unit vector, and the subscript "p" on the gradient operator denotes gradient on a constant pressure surface)

Thermocouple

In 1821, the GermanEstonian physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered that when any conductor is subjected to a thermal gradient, it will generate a voltage.

Thermomagnetic convection

B. A. Finlayson first explained in 1970 (in his paper "Convective instability of ferromagnetic fluids", Journal of Fluid Mechanics 40:753-767) how an external magnetic field imposed on a ferrofluid with varying magnetic susceptibility, e.g., due to a temperature gradient, results in a nonuniform magnetic body force, which leads to thermomagnetic convection.

Torquay railway station

On 25 August 1962, a busy holiday Saturday, a train hauled by a Warship Class diesel stalled while climbing the gradient from Torquay towards Paignton.

Usui Pass

The new locomotives were the JNR Class EF63 banking engines used for help in both ascending and descending the 66.7 (1 in 15) gradient line.


see also