X-Nico

unusual facts about lipopolysaccharide


IRAK4

Animals without IRAK-4 are more susceptible to viruses and bacteria but completely resistant to LPS challenge.


Heat-labile enterotoxin

In addition to its effects on chloride secretion, which involve the same steps as the effects of cholera toxin, heat-labile enterotoxin binds additional substrates: lipopolysaccharide on the surface of E. coli cells and A-type blood antigens.

Kupffer cell

The second hit is characterized by an activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14, receptors on the Kupffer cell that internalize endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide or LPS).


see also