Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family is a protein expressed in Kupffer cells.
The second hit is characterized by an activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14, receptors on the Kupffer cell that internalize endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide or LPS).
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In 1898, after several years of research, Tadeusz Browicz, a Polish scientist, identified them, correctly, as macrophages.
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