PANalytical is an international scientific instrumentation supplier which develops and manufactures X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) equipment for use in research and industry.
1976 Rigaku developed the first parallel-beam type X-ray diffractometer for stress analysis, as well as the first X-ray fluorescence spectrometers capable of carbon analysis (1976) and boron analysis (1981).
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In this way, X-ray diffraction and fluorescence; optical absorption and photoluminescence; Mössbauer, Raman and Brillouin scattering; positron annihilation and other signals can be measured from materials under high pressure.
Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (MWD XRF) is an enhanced version of conventional Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDXRF) elemental analysis.
According to an initial analysis of trace elements by x-ray fluorescence by E. Pernicka, then at the University of Freiberg, the copper originated at Bischofshofen in Austria, while the gold was thought to be from the Carpathian Mountains.
X-ray Fluorescence Holography (XFH) is a relatively new technique that benefits greatly from the coherent high-power X-rays available from synchrotron sources, such as the Japanese SPring-8 facility.