Pedretti is a professor emeritus of art history and Armand Hammer Chair in Leonardo Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, and is the author of more than 40 books and 500 essays and articles in various languages, on the many aspects of his specialty.
The same year, Elmaleh formed a joined venture company with veteran oil tycoon Armand Hammer, named Isramco Inc., in which J.O.E.L. held 35%.
It was founded in 1994, and was Russia's first 18-hole golf course, having been developed from an idea first conceived by controversial American business tycoon, Armand Hammer as a way of attracting more western investment into the country.
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Finder published Red Carpet: The Connection Between the Kremlin and America's Most Powerful Businessmen (1983), about Dr. Armand Hammer's ties to Soviet intelligence.
After the end of the Johnson administration in 1969, Watson became an official with Occidental Petroleum, working with Armand Hammer.