In 1533 benefit of clergy was withdrawn from those who refused to enter a plea.
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It was then led by Dr. William J. Welch until his death in 1999, after which it was led jointly by Paul Reynard, a painter and teacher of Gurdjieff Movements, and Frank R. Sinclair, author of Without Benefit of Clergy and Of the Life Aligned, until Reynard's death in 2005.