Excommunication was established as the punishment for attacking or robbing a church, for robbing peasants or the poor of farm animals, and for robbing, striking or seizing a priest or clergyman who was not bearing arms.
•
Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu (commendator until his death on 4 December 1642), also chief advisor to Louis XIII
Westminster Abbey | abbey | Abbey Road Studios | Abbey Theatre | Abbey | Abbey Road | Cluny Abbey | Woburn Abbey | Portsmouth Abbey School | Bec Abbey | Fleury Abbey | Downton Abbey | Bisham Abbey | Rievaulx Abbey | Clairvaux Abbey | Bath Abbey | St Augustine's Abbey | Ramsey Abbey | Welbeck Abbey | Stoneleigh Abbey | Newstead Abbey | Melrose Abbey | Kelso Abbey | Hailes Abbey | Glastonbury Abbey | Buckland Abbey | Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés | Abbey Lincoln | Whitby Abbey | Newbattle Abbey |