cAMP also binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels and a few other cyclic nucleotide-binding proteins such as Epac1 and RAPGEF2.
In some mammals, sperm motility is activated by increase in pH, calcium ion and cAMP, yet it is suppressed by low pH in the epididymis.
Adenosine triphosphate | Cyclic redundancy check | Cyclic guanosine monophosphate | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate | adenosine triphosphate | Adenosine diphosphate | Adenosine A1 receptor | Uridine monophosphate synthetase | Orotidine 5'-monophosphate | orotidine-5'-monophosphate | Cyclic ketogenic diet | cyclic guanosine monophosphate | Cyclic group | cyclic group | Cyclic Delay Diversity | Cyclic delay diversity | cyclic |
Some of these pathways include Rap, Erk1/2, MAPK, B-RAF, PI3-K, cAMP, PKA, and TORC2 that are activated to initiate exocytosis, proinsulin gene expression and translation, increase insulin biosynthesis, and genetically increase beta cell proliferation and neogenesis.
cAMP and cGMP, formed from ATP and GTP, serve as secondary messengers in some signalling pathways.