The change was due at first to genetic changes that occurred as the original dogs learned to tolerate the presence of humans, as shown in the research on foxes by Dmitri Belyaev in his Farm-Fox Experiment.
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The study, published in 2007, found a regulatory sequence (not in the coding sequence) next to the gene IGF1; together the gene and regulatory sequence together are known as a haplotype that "is a major contributor to body size in all small dogs."
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