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In Australia, the term Liberalism refers to centre-right economic liberalism, rather than centre-left social liberalism as in some other English-speaking countries such as the U.S.A. Party ideology has therefore been referred to as liberalism, distinct from its meaning in U.S. English-speaking countries, but also as conservatism, which features strongly in party ideology.
The ideas of NAR are characterized by souverainism, anti-liberalism and anti-Americanism, and also adherence to the original form of Gaullism.
French philosopher Pierre Musso, in his book Le Sarkoberlusconisme, claims that Sarkozysm is comparable to the policies of Silvio Berlusconi in Italy: a political 'break' with the methods of the past, a common emphasis on a certain work ethic, economic liberalism with a dose of dirigisme (or Colbertism), and a pro-American foreign policy.
The Prussian reforms relied on the economic liberalism of Adam Smith (as propounded by Heinrich Theodor von Schön and Christian Jakob Kraus) more heavily than the south German reformers.