The biology of HPV+ OPC is distinct of HPV- OPC with P53 degradation (inactivated by E6 instead of by genetic mutation), pRB pathway inactivation (by E7 instead of Cyclin D1 amplification), and P16 upregulation (over-expression of p16 instead of inactivation due to reduced negative feedback from pRB).
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HPV OPC is associated with expression level of the E6/E7 mRNAs and of p16.
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In May 2013 Harper received the Prix Monte-Carlo Woman of the Year award in Monte Carlo for her contributions and discoveries defining the role of HPV in the pathology of cervical cancer.
Titus authored a bill that requires health insurance companies to cover the costs of the HPV vaccine, Gardasil.
An infection with one or more high-risk HPV types is believed to be a prerequisite for the development of cervical cancer (the vast majority of HPV infections are not high risk); according to the American Cancer Society, women with no history of the virus do not develop this type of cancer.