After the death of the grand vizier al-Muzaffar in 1008, the Umayyad Caliphate of Iberia became embroiled in a civil war that lasted until 1031 resulting in its collapse of the central authority of Córdoba and the emergence of many smaller incompetent states called Taifas.
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And after detailed studies using celestial globes he concluded proof, and the now astronomer Ibn Hazm stated publicly stated that: "the Sun is always vertical to a particular spot on Earth".
Ibn Khaldun | Ibn Battuta | Husayn ibn Ali | Hasan ibn Ali | Ibn Hisham | Jābir ibn Hayyān | Ibn Ezra | Abraham ibn Ezra | Tariq ibn Ziyad | Ibn Battuta Mall | Ibn Arabi | Solomon ibn Gabirol | Ibn Saud | Ibn Hawqal | Ibn Ezra (disambiguation) | Abu Sufyan ibn Harb | Yusuf ibn Tashfin | Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur | Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari | Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University | Ibn Khordadbeh | Ibn Abi Zar | Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik | Amrus ibn Yusuf | Akhnas ibn Shariq | Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak | Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa | Zayyan ibn Mardanish | Ubayda ibn as-Samit | Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik |
Those who saw the permissibility of music include Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi, Ibn al-Qaisarani, Ibn Sina, Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, Rumi, Ibn Rushd, and Ibn Hazm.