In 1995, the 'Orange County Register broke the story that Asch — then Chief of the University of California, Irvine's Center for Reproductive Health — and his two partners were misusing human embryos, and harvesting and transplanting human eggs without patient consent.
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The resulting House of Lords case (R v Brown, colloquially known as "the Spanner case") ruled that consent was not a valid legal defence for wounding and actual bodily harm in the UK, except as a foreseeable incident of a lawful activity in which the person injured was participating, e.g. surgery.
The 1953 Wilson Memo led the military to adopt the Nuremberg Code: Patients would have to provide written, informed consent.