It was subsequently separated by Philip Miller in 1768 into the genus Frangula on the basis of its hermaphrodite flowers with a five-parted corolla (dioecious, and four-parted in Rhamnus); this restored the treatment of pre-Linnaean authors, notably Tournefort.
Rhamnus frangula | Rhamnus purshiana | Rhamnus californica |
The larvae feed on a wide variety of plants, including Rhamnus frangula, Hedera helix, Ligustrum, Ilex aquifolium, Cornus sanguinea and Sorbus aucuparia.
The larvae feed various plants and trees, including Betula (including Betula verrucosa), Myrica gale, Carex, Salix, Populus tremula, Rubus idaeus, Sorbus aucuparia, Vicia cracca, Rhamnus frangula, Lysimachia vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus and Galium verum.
The larvae feed on the leaves of various deciduous trees and shrubs, including Corylus, Fraxinus, Prunus, Quercus, Rubus, Swida sanguinea, Betula, Fagus, Larix, Pinus, Rhamnus frangula, Thelycrania sanguinea and Vaccinium.