The undertrained and equipped No. 488 Squadron RNZAF fought a futile defence of Singapore, while obsolete giant biplane Short Singapores and Vickers Vincents were operating from Fiji.
;Short S.19 / Singapore III: A development of the Singapore II powered by 4 Rolls-Royce Kestrel IX engines and equipped with triple fins.
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After inspecting the Singapore Mk.I and the Short S.8/8 Rangoon, itself a military adaptation of the Short Calcutta, Kawanishi chose an enlarged development of the Rangoon, with Rolls-Royce Buzzard engines replacing the Bristol Jupiters of the Rangoon.
One variant, the Kestrel VIII was configured as a 'pusher engine' for the Short Singapore flying boat.